Almost certainly the latter.
When McDonnell-Douglass bought Boeing with Boeing's money, the business-type sleazebags took over, and imposed their version of management (which had nearly taken McD-D down the toilet in the first place). And that version is: you don't have to know anything to manage, you just have to push people around and make them do what you say, simply because you say it. This is in direct opposition to the old core of Boeing, which was solidly in the Build Airplanes Right camp. Nothing shows this as clearly as the 787 fiasco, and I know a now-retired Boeing engineer who was on that project and all but predicted the outcome.