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tkdguy

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The latest Scientific American has an article about the potential for "superhabitable" planets -- worlds that are actually better than Earth at sustaining Life As We Know It.

 

(Sorry, no link. I read SA in Dead Tree, and me big tech dummy who doesn't know how to post links on this forum. Maybe someone else could do this? Sorry again.)

 

Dean Shomshak

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In brief: Author Rene' Heller notes that Earth's habitability -- measured by actual quantity of life -- has varied widely over time. During the Carboniferous, Earth's biomass was probably larger than it is now, what with our large desert areas, the near-lifeless middle of the oceans, etc.

 

More importantly, habitability should be summed over time. Earth's period as a life-bearing planet is almost over, geologically speaking: As the Sun gets brighter and hotter with age, the "Goldilocks Zone" moves outward. Current estimates place Earth at its inner edge. Within the next billion years or so, the oceans evaporate.

 

Earth also faces some geological exhaustion-points. The magnetic field that protects the atmosphere, and the plate tectonics that keeps carbon cycling between atmosphere and lithosphere, are driven by a combination of relic heat from the Earth's formation and heat from radioacive decay. The supply of radioactive elements inexorably declines. In a billion years or so, internal heat drops to the point that both processes stop. CO2 builds up in the atmosphere, unless the atmosphere gets blown away by the solar wind. Bad either way.

 

Heller suggests that a larger planet would sustain its geological processes longer, through its larger supply of radioactives and greater heat of formation; while a K dwarf star would heat more slowly, leaving the planet within its Goldilocks Zone many billions of years longer. He estimates that a planet twice Earth's mass, orbiting a K dwarf star, could remain habitable for many billions of years longer than Earth. <oreover, the higher gravity could mean a flatter topography, with fewer high, expansive continents to develop deserts and more life-rich archipelagos.

 

I see potential problems with Heller's arguments (notably, an article I read several years ago that a planet significantly larger than Earth can't have a liquid core -- the greater pressure keeps it solid, even if it's hotter). But it's an interesting alternate view of habitability, and a healthy counterpoint to the "Rare Earth" school that says even the slightest difference from Earth would make complex life impossible. I think one should hesitate to be too certain, in any direction, until we have more than one example of a life-bearing planet to study -- and as a gamer, I prefer to err on the side of possibility!

 

Dean Shomshak

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Hmm. Interesting information, but like you said, we only have one example to study, and as Holmes said, "It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts."

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Oh -- Heller also believes that jovian planets could have Earth-sized moons, and these could be habitable, or even superhabitable. Their interiors would be heated by tidal stresses rather than radioactivity, so that factor would be removed.

 

Heller's article has a bibliogaphy:

 

Habitable Climates: The Influence of Obliquity. David S. Spiegel, Kristen Menou and Caleb A. Scharf in Astrophysical Journal, vol. 691, No. 1, pages 596-610; Jan. 20, 2009.

http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/691/1/596/article

 

Exomoon Habitability Constrained by Illumination and Tidal Heating. Rene' Heller and Rory Barnes in Astrobiology, vol. 13, No. 1, pages 18-46; 2013.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.5323

 

Habitable Zone Lifetimes of Exoplanets around Main Sequence Stars. Andrew J. Rushby, Mark W. Claire, Hugh Osborn and Andrew J. Watson in Atrobiology, vol. 13, No. 9, pages 833-849; Sep. 18, 2013.

[Didn't give a URL]

 

Superhabitable Worlds. Rene' Heller and John Armstrong in Astrobiology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pages 50-66; Jan. 16, 2014. http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.2392

 

Dean Shomshak

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